The Role Of Organizational Leadership And Human Resource...

Human Resource professionals must implement a proactive strategy to unify two organization’s unique and beneficial culture elements during a merger. According to Cartwright Cooper (1993), â€Å"cultural incompatibility is†¦a cause for poor merger performance. Rather than integrating, the two cultures collided, which†¦resulted in low morale, poor work quality, and declining financial performance...† This paper will focus on the challenges of mergers; discuss the roles of organizational leadership and Human Resource professionals. Additionally, this paper will discuss how Human Resource professionals can overcome mergers challenges. Culture plays an integral role in the success of an organization. Human Resource professionals and†¦show more content†¦More and more, organizations are opting to merge with another organization as a strategic option. Organizations are hoping that a merger will increase revenue, provide diversification, provide opport unities of globalization, and raise growth opportunities (McEntire Bentley, 1996; Buono, Bowditch, Lewis, 1985; Cartwright Cooper, 1993). For these reasons, mergers are an increasingly popular option for organizations. Research shows the estimated average annual cost of a merger in the United States of America exceeds one-trillion dollars (Stanwick, 2000). However, in the face of these rising trends, between fifty-five and seventy percent of all organizational mergers are unsuccessful and ultimately fail (Schraeder Self, 2003). Organizational Culture Organizational culture can be described as shared values and beliefs amongst the population of employees. Basic assumptions exist to inform a group or an individual on what to pay attention to, what things mean, how to react emotionally to what is going on in front of them, and what actions are required to take in various situations. Culture can further be broken down further into three levels. The first level is artifacts, which includes all instances that you would see, hear, and feel in an organization. The second level is espoused beliefs and values, which reflects an individual’s original beliefs and values.

Review Of Go Phhonulum Review - 1125 Words

Go phonics curriculum review Part one : In level four first six lesson talk about r controlled vowel and the rest talk about l control vowels and Le control. For r control vowels the letter r controlled most always change the phonemes of the vowel. The vowel is followed by an L most always the vowel like a will change from short to the o sound. For the Le is mainly at the end in multi- syllables, words where the e is silent. For the letter y it is I friend so it will make the phoneme I or e. Then when teachers are teaching the lessons teacher need to make sure to use the advice from getting started like giving detail instruction. Also, check to make sure the student is holding their pencil correctly and form the letter from top to bottom†¦show more content†¦This lesson has also taught consonant sound with their 2 sound like c for /s/ or g for /j/. Also, unaccented syllables most always have the Schwa sound which causes the vowel say short /u/. I like when the teacher and the student do a read aloud about the far m and then exit into the creative writing step. For the creative writing step I like how the teacher is supposed to ask have any of you ever been to the farm. That is a neat way to get the student interested in subjects and make connections. This a great way to get students involved before reading a book or write a story, it also shows the student different view or experiences from their classmates about visiting a farm. Its an outstanding way to cause students to use their sensory and their emotional recall. Have the student write a few things they did or saw. Part three : Teacher should teach the creative writing proccess . In the text introduces a brief explanation on why is important. Creative writing is important to have students learn because it facilitates the student understand their own experience. It also facilitates the class get a deeper understanding of their peers experience and make connections. Creative write help teach the student basic skills and technique that will help gain student confidences and broaden their fundamentals and interest in writing. Creative writing makes the child used their brain by applying critical thinking. This helps the student enlarged their writing skills

Explain Role Of Teams And Groups In An Organization - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Role Of Teams And Groups In An Organization. Answer: The main aim of this task is to explain role of teams and groups in an organization. No company can achieve their goals and objectives without team and group. The paper explains how managers encourage and inspire employees for doing work effectively and successfully. The employees are the backbone of the firm. The managers and leaders play a critical role to motivate the workers for enhancing and increasing the production of the company. Furthermore, it explains how managers resolve issues of the workers and how leaders maintain coordination with them. It depicts how managers formulate new strategies and policies to manage the performance of the employees. The team refers to a group of people who work together to accomplish the desired goals and objectives of the organization. Team members share their authority and responsibility with each other to gain long-term vision and mission of the firm. They generate more profits and revenue for the company. Team leader plays a significant role in a team; he is the person who provides direction, guidance and instructions to a group of individuals within the organization. Team leaders serve enormous roles in an organization; they communicate with team members and monitor their activities. They provide motivation to the workers to perform tasks and duties effectively. Team plays a vital role in every organization for accomplishing the goals and objectives of the company. Team members work together in order to maximize profits and revenue. Thus, it improves the operations of the company and also benefits the workers who participate in the groups. The team has the benefit of a wide range of skills, experience and knowledge. The employees can diversify their skills and knowledge; also it helps to gain competitive advantages in the organization (Franz, 2012). Furthermore, team members share their ideas, views and opinion and they maintain proper communication in the firm (Griffin, 2013). If people work in a team or group, it will help to create sense of urgency to complete the desired goals and projects on given time period with maximum efforts. In addition, team leader encourages employees for doing work effectively and efficiently. They resolve queries of the workers and maintain reciprocal relationship with them. Team members work together and sepa rately to attain success in their tasks which helps to serve in promoting the overall welfare and success of the company (Katzenbach Smith, 2015). Along with this, if employees work together as a team within an organization, every employee learns from one another. It will help to increase and enhance the productivity and outcomes for the firm. Team members work for common goal and purpose instead of separate goal. In this way, teamwork plays an imperative role in organizational effectiveness and efficiency. The employees can easily adapt new technology which is needed in the organization with the help of teamwork. Also, the team guides the organization in managing its change process while introducing new and innovative ideas. Managers and team leaders play an important role to encourage performance of the employees (Austin, 2013). There are many strategies through which the managers can enhance and manage performance of teams and groups that have been discussed below. Support innovation: Innovation is required to manage the performance of the workers. Innovation and creativity helps to generate new ideas and thoughts in the minds of employees. Also, it facilitates to generate optimum results and revenue within the organization. Apart from this, regular breaks should be given to the workers and informal brainstorming sessions should be conducted by the team leaders and managers in order to manage the productivity of the employees. Moreover, managers should maintain favorable working conditions at the workplace (Camisn Villar-Lpez, 2014). Effective leadership: Innovation comes from motivation. Teams and groups should be led by effective leaders that go beyond schedules and budgets. Team leaders also inspire and motivate each team members to attain their personal while keeping strategic objectives and goals in mind. Leaders shall explain organizational mission and vision with employees to attain better results and outcomes. It is an important and effective strategy to manage performance of the workers. Effective leadership also helps to create dynamic culture in the organization. Furthermore, leaders and managers assist to take risks and challenges in order to reach higher level of productivity (Yukl, 2013). Hire the right people: Hiring right and well people can become the most important factor to manage the productivity of the employees. Also, it contributes to a firms success and facilitates to overcome on the competitors in the market. The firm should check the background, knowledge and experience of the candidate while hiring the new candidate. Along with this, dynamic interview and hiring process must be implemented to select appropriate and potential applicant. Keep learning: Productivity is increased when team members have all the skills and knowledge which are needed to success and growth of the firm. Leaders and managers should provide training and development coaching to the team members in order to improve performance and effectiveness of the workers (Burke Noumair, 2015). Streamline processes: Managers should initiate streamline processes within the organization to maximize productivity of the employees as well as organization. They should focus on various barriers and challenges which are faced by the employees in the workplace. In addition, effective communication can become a significant factor to manage the productivity of teams and groups. Two way communication system must be followed by teams while working in the firm. Team communication must be factual and transparent. It is unique approach to encourage team and group for doing work efficiently. Build commitment: Leaders and managers should use unique values to build and develop employee commitment. An effective business plan and strategy must be made to motivate the workers in order to gain competitive benefits in the company. Recognize team members who are willing to take risks and challenges for initiating new ideas and opinion. It will also help to reduce absenteeism in the organization. In this way, the firm can attain long term goals and objectives (Mowday, Porter Steers, 2013). Organization is responsible for making the employees efficient and active in the workplace. Leaders motivate the workers which help them to develop their confidence and trust. This gives the company good results in a long run. Any organization functions in a better way only when they are given praise about the kind of work they provide to the company (Schunk Zimmerman, 2012). The effective practices that are followed by an organization in order to perform in the companys growth also includes time to time conference, seminars and meetings which help the employees to develop interest in knowing more and more about the activities of the firm. These practices enable the workers to put efforts while working for the company. The effective practices help the organization to make better outputs and results (Cummings Worley, 2014). There are various issues seen while working in the company. The issues include misunderstanding among employees, lack of proper knowledge regarding any topic relating to the company, indiscipline at the workplace, absenteeism etc. can put a bad impact of the company on its people and society. The issues are faced by the company also shows impact on the growth of the employees and it harms the financial position of the company. The good name of the company sometimes also gets ruined due to such issues. These key issues of the company questions the techniques and practices adopted by the workers at the workplace. Some other issues that the company face includes disharmony among employees, reduce in funding due to loss, disloyalty shown by some employees, etc (Burke, 2017). In order to avoid such issues it is necessary to make proper strategies and policies in the organization. The managers and leaders are responsible for making effective strategies and policies that can enable the growth and success of the business. To avoid such issues, the company is dependent on its managers to carry out business in a smooth way. The managerial strategies are important that helps the company to solve the issues and queries in such a way that it is not repeated again (Awadh Alyahya, 2013). The proper managerial strategies enhance the performance and productivity of an organization. The managers make it easy for the company to deal with those issues in an appropriate manner (Rummler Brache, 2012). They use the strategy by involving all the decisions and opinions of each and every person working in the company. The managers are able to make collective decision which helps the company to solve the problem with equal opinion and mutual consent. In this way, the firm ca n easily achieve desired targets and goals (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The managers must keep an eye on the employees in the workplace. They must know how to tackle every situation so as to keep the environment of the company a calm place to work. Managers should possess effective decision making power that can help to solve the problems raised in the company (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis, 2015). They should also encourage employees for their good work. This can be done so that employees can put efforts in the projects with more interest. Encouraging the performance of the employees at the workplace makes them confident while working and therefore company is benefited with such practice. The managers should know the likes and dislikes of the employee, this helps them to stand on the expectations of the employees. They should be responsible for solving the problems that create mess in the company. It is the duty of the manager to serve good working environment to the people working in the business. They must create a favorable place in the workplace for doi ng work effectively (Mone London, 2014). On the above discussion, it has been concluded that groups and teams play a significant role to accomplish the organizational tasks and goals. Effective strategies are used by the managers to measure the productivity of the workers. The managers provide favorable and unique culture and working environment to the employees to maximize the production of the company. Along with this, they assist employees to make effective decisions. Now it is recommended that managers should provide rewards, incentives and bonus to the employees to enhance their performance and productivity. It will help to reduce stress and frustration of the workers and they will feel happy while working in the organization. Furthermore, leaders should understand employees problems and issues to maintain good relationship with them. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook ofhuman resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Austin, R. D. (2013).Measuring and managing performance in organizations. Addison-Wesley. Awadh, A. M., Alyahya, M. S. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance.International Review ofManagement and Business Research,2(1), 168. Burke, W. W. (2017).Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Burke, W. W., Noumair, D. A. (2015).Organization development: A process of learning and changing. FT Press. Camisn, C., Villar-Lpez, A. (2014). Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal of business research,67(1), 2891-2902. Clegg, S. R., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. (2015).Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Franz, T. M. (2012).Group dynamics and team interventions: Understanding and improving team performance. John Wiley Sons. Griffin, R. W. (2013). Fundamentals of management. Cengage Learning. Katzenbach, J. R., Smith, D. K. (2015).The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. Harvard Business Review Press. Mone, E. M., London, M. (2014).Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M. (2013).Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Rummler, G. A., Brache, A. P. (2012).Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. John Wiley Sons. Schunk, D. H., Zimmerman, B. J. (Eds.). (2012).Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge. Yukl, G. A. (2013).Leadership in organizations. Pearson Education India.

Saw Iv Essay Cinema Class free essay sample

Darren Lynn Bousman and released on October 26, 2007 â€Å"Saw IV† was a magnificent Hollywood movie. Darren became the first horror director to have the first three major Hollywood films opened at #1 box for three consecutive years with Saw II, Saw III, and Saw IV. He has won the Fantasia Ground- Breaker Award in 2008 for â€Å"Repe! The Genetic Opera† (2008). Lynn’s success has brought him to be the most sought after director. Taking into consideration the â€Å"Saw† series, this particular movie (Saw IV) has been the most horrifying and intriguing one. The main actors in the movie were Tobin Bell as Jigs Saw, Costas Mandylor as Hoffman, Scott Patterson as Agent Strahm, Betsy Russell as Jill, Lyriq Bent as Rigg, Athena Karkanis as Agent Perez and Justin Louis as Art. Each one of these great actors played an important part throughout the whole movie. With five nominations Saw IV won â€Å"The Golden Trailer Award† for best horror TV spot for â€Å"clown books† in 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Saw Iv Essay Cinema Class or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The movie is mainly about investigating the Jigs Saw legacy but in the act of doing so, Rigg a police officer is trapped in a game where he has to overcome several traps in order for him to save his friend. Full of crime, horror and thriller this movie has been a magnificent noir film. Composed of flash backs, dark scenes, murders, investigations, detectives, a twisted mind, and many blood scenes this movie has been a great production. Having watched the Saw Series â€Å"Saw IV† has been the most interesting and exciting one since it reveals the origin and reason behind the Jigs Saw legacy. The message of the film is that humans will do everything in their hands to survive. People make hard decisions when one sees oneself about to die. Just like in this movie a woman has the choice to die or to kill her husband. In this specific scene the woman has to pull out the rods in order to live. She does it even though this was going to kill her husband since they were connected through their bodies by rods. The rods were meant to be in his vital organs but not in hers. Certainly she decides to kill her husband. Her lesson was to don’t let people control her live due to the fact that she had been married to an abusive husband. The scene has light and everything can be seen clearly. There are close-up, extreme close-up, and establishing shots. Tension and anxiety are exposed in the room. It is clear that some choices are hard to make but only the most convenient will be taken. Pain is one of the worst feelings a human overcomes. Pain may lead to suffering but is better to feel some pain than to die. This is demonstrated through Cecil a drug addictive and thief. This man is put into a trap that makes him choose whether to push his face against knifes in order to release his knees and ankles from razor blades or die by bleeding out. Cecil’s pain is portrayed through close-up shots, low key lightning, establishing shot and mystery music. Anger, fear and desperation are seen in his face and heard through his words. The man has done badly throughout all his life and has never thought about the damage he has done. But in this scene he pays for everything he has done. In this case Cecil goes through two kinds of survival. He robs in order to get food and cloth and in the other he fights for his life in that chair that will cause him to bleed out. The man’s actions before seeing death at close are not right but he does them for a living. At the end his actions bring him close to death but with bravery he takes the pain rather than death. It’s difficult to choose between dying and killing. However in the movie one sees that humans rather kill than die. At the beginning of the movie two men are chained to a winch. One has his eyes sewn and the other his mouth. This enabled them to communicate. Both of them are desperate and afraid. Art who has his mouth sewn can see what is happening and realizes that the other man has a key on the back of his neck. The key will free him from the winch that is pulling them together. Throughout the whole scene there is light coming from outside thus illuminating the entire place. Art is caught in a decision that requires much courage, he has to either kill the man to get the key and survive or be killed by the winch with the man. As it is expected he kills the man. The fighting and murder are shown through long shots, high angle shots, establishing shots, extreme close up shots and close-up shots. With this scene one may observe that with desperation, panic, and worry humans may do wrong things. Survival is every human purpose on earth. Everyone desires to live which means that we will do anything we can to continue in this world. Every person goes through taking hard decisions, feeling pain and very rarely killing. These are factors that help us through life and help us survive. But in order to do the right thing one should always do what is best and not take the easy way. As portrayed in the movie desperation and panic are two feelings that take us the wrong way. As a result humans are to avoid these feelings so as to take the good path in life.

Confused With and Confused About

Confused With and Confused About Confused With and Confused About Confused With and Confused About By Maeve Maddox Preposition use is tricky. Sometimes a rule can be applied, as in the choice between in and into: The dog jumped from the bank into the water. (connotes movement from outside to within) The drowning man flailed in the water. (connotes containment within) More often, the choice of which preposition to use is idiomatic. That is, speakers use a particular preposition with a certain word because its use has been established by custom. From time to time, the established preposition is replaced by another. Initially, speakers accustomed to the older form express outrage, but in time, as the old-timers die off, the new preposition achieves acceptance. An example of such a change in progress is the use of excited followed by unconventional for instead of the customary about or by. A similar change seems to be in progress regarding the expression â€Å"confused with.† The verb confuse, with its participle form confused, has more than one meaning. If I say, â€Å"I always confuse Barbara with her sister,† the meaning is â€Å"fail to distinguish, erroneously regard as identical, mistake one for another.† This is clearly the definition that applies to the prepositional phrase in the following headlines, but in each case, the writer has used the preposition for instead of with: Knife attack confused for performance art at Art Basel Miami Beach- CNN Local Doctor Confused for Razorback Football Player- Fox16 news Liam Payne Still Gets Confused For Louis Tomlinson- MTV A possible explanation for this growing usage is confusion with another expression close in meaning: â€Å"mistaken for.† The knife attack was mistaken for a performance. The doctor is mistaken for the football player. Liam Payne is mistaken for Louis Tomlinson. The preposition switch in this idiom is not as noticeable as the one that uses â€Å"for† with excited, and it does not provoke the same amount of outrage. Only one reader has ever commented negatively on the use of â€Å"confused for.† My post on â€Å"excited for,† on the other hand, garnered twenty passionate comments and 427 â€Å"Likes.† â€Å"Confused for† may be destined for acceptance, but at present, it is simply careless writing. An even more blatant preposition error with confused is to follow it with of. So far, I’ve noticed this misuse chiefly in badly expressed readers’ comments on tech sites and in social media, but there is a song with â€Å"confused of† in the lyrics- always a bad sign. Here are some examples of the incorrect use of â€Å"confused of†: I’m aware that there’s [sic] licensing fees and such and all this ATHP stuff. I’m confused of the requirements and how to know when you need to register and pay. I am 25 years old and I am confused of what to do in the future professionally. I feel  confused of  the PlayerSetup.cs in Multiplayer FPS tutorial #3. For the few that  are confused of  what is a hero or have courage visit the wounded Warrior Website and find the true answer. We fight and love so much Sometimes I get confused of who we are, - â€Å"We Fight/We Love,† by rapper called Q-Tip In each of these examples, â€Å"confused about† would be the correct usage. Related posts: Excited About, Not For A Chance of Showers Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for Money34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterStarting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Free Essays on Chuang Tzus Tao

Chuang Tzu’s Tao Taoism is said to have emerged in the sixth century B.C. Its founder, Lao Tzu composed a five thousand character script entitled the â€Å"Tao-Te Ching† meaning â€Å"The Way and it’s Power† which has since been central, in a existentially skeptical way, toward expressions of the Taoist philosophy. Within the â€Å"Tao-Te Ching† there is an emphasis placed on the complete homogeneity with nature, individual freedom, spontaneity, tranquility, and a kind of social primitism. The central vehicle of achieving the values as outlined in the â€Å"Tao-Te Ching† is the Tao. Within this paper I will define and explain the concept of the Tao, and explain the Tao according to the views of Chuang Tzu , Lao Tzu’s predecessor. I will follow by depicting the relation of the Tao to its power â€Å"Te†. The paper will end with my opinion of what is philosophically problematic about Taoism In order to discuss the nature of the Tao, we must begin adapting the mind toward a framework from which it may be understood. Our starting point must be one in which we suspend all that we previously know or believe to know, in anticipation of halting judgment about practically everything. One must try to return as we once were as infants, to a point in our development when we knew nothing of the external or internal world. In taking this path toward the understanding of the Tao, one will hopefully be able to separate from their preconceived notions, and cultural biases which would inevitably prevent a true understanding towards a diverse and highly metaphysical way of viewing the â€Å"Nature† of things. . The Tao is often described as: â€Å"the source and sustainer of all things†, â€Å"the one †, â€Å"the path, course, or way in which all things happen†. At the same time, as Tao is the law of change, it is also the sum total of all that changes. I perceive the Tao as an infinitely cyclical concept of the universe in which all thing... Free Essays on Chuang Tzu's Tao Free Essays on Chuang Tzu's Tao Chuang Tzu’s Tao Taoism is said to have emerged in the sixth century B.C. Its founder, Lao Tzu composed a five thousand character script entitled the â€Å"Tao-Te Ching† meaning â€Å"The Way and it’s Power† which has since been central, in a existentially skeptical way, toward expressions of the Taoist philosophy. Within the â€Å"Tao-Te Ching† there is an emphasis placed on the complete homogeneity with nature, individual freedom, spontaneity, tranquility, and a kind of social primitism. The central vehicle of achieving the values as outlined in the â€Å"Tao-Te Ching† is the Tao. Within this paper I will define and explain the concept of the Tao, and explain the Tao according to the views of Chuang Tzu , Lao Tzu’s predecessor. I will follow by depicting the relation of the Tao to its power â€Å"Te†. The paper will end with my opinion of what is philosophically problematic about Taoism In order to discuss the nature of the Tao, we must begin adapting the mind toward a framework from which it may be understood. Our starting point must be one in which we suspend all that we previously know or believe to know, in anticipation of halting judgment about practically everything. One must try to return as we once were as infants, to a point in our development when we knew nothing of the external or internal world. In taking this path toward the understanding of the Tao, one will hopefully be able to separate from their preconceived notions, and cultural biases which would inevitably prevent a true understanding towards a diverse and highly metaphysical way of viewing the â€Å"Nature† of things. . The Tao is often described as: â€Å"the source and sustainer of all things†, â€Å"the one †, â€Å"the path, course, or way in which all things happen†. At the same time, as Tao is the law of change, it is also the sum total of all that changes. I perceive the Tao as an infinitely cyclical concept of the universe in which all thing...

Healthcare marketing the five Ps of healthcare marketing Assignment

Healthcare marketing the five Ps of healthcare marketing - Assignment Example Reading through the case, the most important strategic issue that CMC can be associated with is how to competitively win insurance holders from all walks of economic background to using its services. As it is now, the whole area of Fresno is noted to hardly embrace managed care and so there should be a strategy to making customers embrace this. With the strategic issue noted, it is expected that there would have been a strategic marketing plan that was designed to directly address the issue. This is because strategic marketing plans are useful only when they come to solve identified marketing problems (Good, 2008). specifically, the marketing plan should have made use of the focus strategic option to identify specific demographics whose managed care needs will be addressed directly. With the proposed strategic marketing plan and the outcome of the report, some of the foremost issues that should have gone ahead of positioning and promotion of CMC should have been the need for research and development (R&D) to understand the market, and also market feasibility to know the right marketing mix that works for this market. Elements of valid marketing plan that can be used include product or service, promotion, price, people, and purpose. These would help CMC to better position itself in a way that directly addresses the most salient needs it is faced with on the

The Creation of White Supremacy in the Nineteenth-Century United Essay - 1

The Creation of White Supremacy in the Nineteenth-Century United States - Essay Example ’ and to maintain this status they needed to place their allegiances with those in power that had the resources who could divvy up the benefits† (McVey 18). Basically speaking, an emphasis on racial rather than class unity has traditionally been an emphasis in America. This essay explains the reasons the United States had become a supremacist nation by mid-1800s. This essay argues that white supremacy emerged in the United States during the 19th century because of economic exploitation (e.g. slavery) and racial myths (e.g. Manifest Destiny). The creation of white supremacy was a critical occurrence in the emergence of American capitalism. The concept of white supremacy emerged in the United States due to several major developments: the legacy of British exploitation of the Irish; the opposition to slavery, which concluded in the subjugation of the Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia in the latter part of the 17th century; the self-recognition of emancipated laborers as members of the White population in the antebellum North; and the creation of the White nation in the latter part of the 19th century. The United States could not have emerged as a White supremacist nation in the absence of slavery. It was enslaved Africans who facilitated the economic development of the United States. This economic progress climaxed from the early to mid-1800s, the era referred to as the Market Revolution. The major driving force for the emergence of the Market Revolution was the cotton trade, and this was facilitated by indentured servi tude (Roediger 32). Another thrust to the emergence of the United States as a white supremacist nation was the occupation of a large portion of Mexico. This gave the United States the opportunity to successfully gain Pacific expansion, and hence embark on a massively profitable trade with Asian markets. It also gave the United States the opportunity to tap the immense supply of agricultural resources in California and mineral resources in

Thomas Friedman’s book The World Is Flat Essay Example for Free

Thomas Friedman’s book The World Is Flat Essay Thomas Friedman’s book The World Is Flat analyzes the progress of globalization and how it has changed core economic concepts. After traveling to numerous countries, he came up with the conclusion that the world is â€Å"flat,† in the sense that competitive playing fields between industrial and emerging market countries have been leveled. He provides frequent examples of how countries, such as China and India, are becoming part of large global complex supply chains. Freidman assures that change is inevitable and that internet and outsourcing tactics are shrinking the world from â€Å"small to tiny. † Through his use of empirical evidence and first-hand experiences, Friedman is able to provide the reader with a greater insight as to why to world is flat. The increasing power of the internet is a major topic that the author addresses. The internet has broadened its audience so that it is accessible to people of all ages and positions. Communication is contributing to the flattening of the world due to the ability to communicate with virtually anyone within seconds. Friedman visited Iraq and came across an interesting situation that allowed him to further support his point: â€Å"On the screen was a live TV feed that looked to be coming from some kind of overhead camera. It showed some people moving around behind a house. Also on the screen, along the right side, was an active instant-messaging chat room, which seemed to be discussing the scene on the TV†¦he explain that a U.S. Predator drone was flying over an Iraqi village, and feeding real-time intelligence images back to his laptop and this flat screen† (38-39). Technology has expanded dramatically within the last decade, and the author insists that it is going to inflate from here on out, thus continuing to flatten the world. Friedman also confronts the topic of outsourcing. He argues that outsourcing has allowed companies to split service and manufacturing activities into components, with each component performing in efficient, cost-effective ways. His travels allowed him to explore the incredible subject, and what he found truly supports the idea that the world is indeed flattening. Friedman reflects on his stay in Bangalore by saying, â€Å"I hadn’t been with him for more than a few minutes at the Leela Palace hotel before he told me that he could handle my tax returns and any other accounting  needs I had- from Bangalore. No thanks, I demurred, I already have an accountant in Chicago. Jerry just smiled. He was too polite to say it – that he may already by my accountant, or rather my accountant’s accountant, thanks to the explosion in the outsourcing of tax preparation† (11-12). Outsourcing is becoming a significant addition to today’s world, with many different businesses practicing it, such as McDonald’s and JetBlue. Friedman tries to portray to Americans that they need to get accustomed to the fact that we will not be ahead of the rest of the world much longer. He seems ambivalent about the implications of the change, and many passages point towards the idea of a system of global cooperation in which no country is dominant. However, many Americans think we will be dominated by the Indians and Chinese if we don’t get our act together. While talking with Nandan Nilekani, an Indian CEO of Infosys Technologies Limited, about the rising ability of people to collaborate and compete in the global economy, Friedman declares, â€Å"I was excited personally, because what the flattening of the world means is that we are now connecting all the knowledge centers on the planet together into a single global network, which-if politics and terrorism do not get in the way- could usher in an amazing era of prosperity and innovation† (8). Friedman offers his book as a framework on how to deal with the foreseeable changes that are being thrusted upon the world. He says, â€Å"The great challenge for our time will be to absorb these changes in ways that do not overwhelm people but also do not leave them behind. None of this will be easy. But this is our task. It is inevitable and unavoidable† (46-47). In other words, be ready. Overall, Thomas Friedman demystifies the flattening world for readers, and allows them to make sense of the globalization unfolding before their eyes. He discusses how the internet and outsourcing are contributing to the leveling of the playing field, and that change within the next decade is expected. Whether this change will be good or bad, nobody knows, but Friedman insists that the world should be ready and embrace the new era.

Al Capone Essay -- biography bio biographies crime criminals

Al Capone is one of the most recognized names in American history. Capone ran the City of Chicago with illegal activities. He appeared many times on newspapers all over the country. Every one of us has heard of Al Capone, but most of us don’t k now the story behind him. What made him to be the most feared gangster in the city of Chicago? How did this kid from a rough neighborhood and no money grow up to have $60,000,000? I’ve always been fascinated with organized crime but had never been taught anything in school about it. This report gave me the chance to explore something interesting and also educational. The more I researched Al Capone, the more I wanted to learn about him. He may look like an innocent Italian at a glance, but he has done a lot of crime in the city of Chicago. I knew going into this topic that there would be more than enough information. Going on the Internet I found many web sites that went in detail about certain aspects of Al Capone’s life. I found web pages on the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre and even a haunting of his ghost. My Grandpa had books that helped me including The Encyclopedia of World Crime and The Mafia Encyclopedia. He also had a great deal of information to tell me. Most of Al Capone’s life seems unreal, but it is true. It all started when he was born on January 17, 1899, in Brooklyn, New York. He was baptized Alphonsus Capone. As the fourth oldest of nine children, he didn’t receive much attention. â€Å"At birth, Capone's parents never would have believed that their son Alphonse would grow up to be a murderous thug without remorse. (The Encyclopedia of World Crime 603)† Capone was very wise when it came to living on the streets of New York. He was a genius when it came to street smarts. As far as school goes, Capone was almost illiterate. He came from a poverty stricken neighborhood in Brooklyn, so education was not a top priority. Capone was forced to either deal with a low wage job with a hopeless future or make an improvement for himself by committing crime. â€Å"Al Capone's philosophy was to the effect that laws only applied to people who had enough money to abide by them. (The Mafia Encyclopedia 603)† Al Capone became a member of the Bim Booms Gang as a teenager. He learned to defend himself by way of a knife and revolver. By the time Capone reached the sixth grade he had already become a street brawler. Capone n... ...ntful life. He was responsible for the death of over 500 people. As a young boy, he had no opportunities to be rich and live in a big home. The only way out was through a life of crime. That’s where he turned and he succeeded with over $60,000,000. To do something well you have to have the drive to do it. This was how Al Capone was and he was a natural at what he did. He had the right personality and the right connections to be at the top. This was how he became the most feared gangster in the city of Chicago and got that $60,000,000. I noticed a connection to Al Capone and Adolf Hitler. They both seemed to have it all then have it suddenly swept under them. They lived lives of crime and hatred but in the end it took a turn. Hitler ended up putting a gun to his mouth while Capone went insane from his stay at Alcatraz. I learned a lot from doing this report. Besides the amount of typing, which has repeatedly cramped my fingers, it let me read some interesting articles that made me really know what Al Capone’s life was like. It may seem cool to talk about Al Capone, but behind his innocent face, was an evil gangster. Al Capone’s name will live on as the crime czar who ruled Chicago.

Transitions: Primary Education and Young People

* Identify the transitions experienced by most children and young people. Transitions are the moves children and young people make from home to nursery, from stage to stage (and through the Curriculum for Excellence levels), from primary to secondary, between schools, and from secondary to further education and beyond. Transitions and changes are part of everyone’s life. When these transitions work well they help children and young people to develop confidence and acquire skills to manage future change in their lives.The vast majority of children and young people look forward to moving on, in learning and in life, and these moves almost always turn out to be positive experiences. However, transitions can also be challenging and support from parents and staff at school can help the transitions go more smoothly. All children and young people benefit from support from parents and staff as they make these important transitions. Transition into pre-school or nursery Starting nurser y is an exciting step, and listening and talking to children about this change in their lives will help to prepare them for a good start.Parents may also have questions and concerns at this time and should not be afraid to ask questions of the nursery staff. Parents have an important role to help and support staffs in getting to know their children by letting them know about their child’s interests and any health or personal issues which may affect the child’s learning. Transition from pre-school to primary school Primary teachers work closely with nursery staff and parents to ensure that information about each child’s learning and achievements is passed on.This will help ensure that their learning and development continues without interruption. Staff will also share other information which will help the teacher to support each child’s learning – for example relevant health issues, friendship groups and preferred ways of working. Transition from st age to stage in primary school Generally there are no formal transition meetings for parents or pupils at this stage (although there can be, depending on the school and/or the needs f the individual child), but pupils often get a chance to meet their new teacher for the next session. Transition from primary to secondary school The primary school will share relevant personal information, profiles of progress and achievements across the whole curriculum with the secondary school that the child is attending to ensure that young people’s learning continues with minimum interruption. This high level of planning for transition between primary and secondary school ensures that most young people will make a smooth transfer.As children get older they don’t always share information quite as readily as they did when they were younger. Teachers understand this and there will always be someone available in the secondary school to talk to about this important stage in a young person ’s life. Parents can speak to the school if they are unsure who best to approach. Transition – Puberty Puberty is the stage in life when a child's body develops into an adult's body. The changes take place gradually, usually between the ages of 10 and 16.During this time children change emotionally as well as physically. During puberty young people tend to focus more on friends and relationships outside the family. Relationships with parents and siblings can become strained. As a parent you may feel during this time that you're no longer relevant to your child's life. This is almost certainly not the case. Sometimes your child may appear to be rejecting and ignoring you. Despite this, you remain their primary role model and a central focus of their life. Transitions – preparing to leave schoolMany of them will stay at school to study for further qualifications, others may choose a blend of school and college learning or work placement; some will plan to move on to university, college or a training programme or to get a job. Regardless of what each young person’s post – 16 learning choice is, it will be important for teachers to work with them and parents and others to make sure they find the option which will be best for them. This can involve working with other learning providers and support agencies, and taking part in programmes delivered in partnership with other agencies, e. . youth work, often out of school. * Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young people's behaviour and development. Most transitions have short-term or long-term effect on children’s development and behaviour. Long term effects: †¢ Self harming †¢ Withdrawal †¢ Avoiding social contact †¢ Lack of concentration †¢ Not learning/developing †¢ Low self confidence and self esteem †¢ Strained relationships. For example, bereavement will upset the child and make him aggressive with other chi ldren.Short term effects: †¢ Outbursts of anger †¢ Crying and tearfulness †¢ Clinginess/need for affection †¢ Withdrawal †¢ Unreasonable behaviour †¢ Tantrums in younger children †¢ Regression in behaviour †¢ Difficulty sleeping †¢ Loss of appetite †¢ Loss of motivation †¢ Lack of concentration. . For example, when the child starts to wet himself or start using babyish language after speaking clearly – Communication and intellectual development if children start to avoid social contact, they don’t care about school work, and lack of concentration. Social, emotional, and behaviour if children’s confidence and self-esteem are affected, if they show unwanted behaviour for attention and if they can’t make friends. * Identify the transitions that some children may experience. The diverse range of transitions faced by children and young people includes: †¢ Starting or moving school †¢ Bereavement: All looked after children and young people experience loss of some kind; for some this includes the death of someone close to them. They need sensitive and timely care and support to manage the impact of bereavement throughout their childhood and into adulthood.Reactions identified as common among bereaved children and young people include: †¢ sleep disturbances, insomnia, nightmares †¢ eating disorders, loss of appetite †¢ toilet problems: they may regress to soiling or wetting †¢ new physical disorders, such as asthma and eczema †¢ anxiety, separation anxiety, mood swings, withdrawal, aggressive behaviours, school phobia †¢ poor concentration †¢ possible guilt problems: thinking they are responsible for the loss †¢ loss of memory, earning difficulties †¢ hyperactivity, acting out, taking risks. Parents splitting up †¢ Illness (their own or a parent’s or sibling’s) †¢ Changing friendship groups †¢ Entry to, or leaving, a pupil referral unit: †¢ Moving through child health services into adult services †¢ Coming out as gay or lesbian †¢ Leaving home. Young people and children will need help and support from peers and adults to successfully make the transition to the next stage in their life. The nature and timing and giver of the support will vary depending on the individual’s needs and circumstances.

Republica Himalayan Science Fair

REPUBLICA KATHMANDU, Jan 11: Himalayan Club de Scientia, an independent science club of Himalayan White House International College in New Baneshwor is organizing Himalayan Science Fair 2011. The event is taking place on January 28 and 29 from 10 am to 4:30 pm inside the college premise. Mukul Dhakal, Program Coordinator of the science exhibition and a grade 12 science student, shared, â€Å"We are organizing this nationwide science exhibition so that the students can get a platform where they will get to expose their talents.This way students who have learned science theoretically, will also get to experience it practically. † Dhakal further informed that the program is entirely a student program and is the first of its kind nationwide inter-college science exhibition where students from +2 or equivalent can participate and show their talents. The program also includes seminars, cultural programs, food festival, education fair and gaming competitions. Students participating f rom outside the Kathmandu valley will be provided room and board from January 27 to January 30.Sarin Raj Pokharel, Finance Director of the HICSCI club and a grade 12 science student, said, â€Å"Our club used to organize many events in which only the students from our college could participate. So for the first time we are independently organizing a nationwide mega event where everyone can participate and get an exposure to the practical aspects of science. † â€Å"The main reason behind organizing this event is to find and promote junior scientists. Since the demand of science and technology seems to be growing, we thought it is good to start from the college level itself in order to foster young talents,† he said.He further informed that after successfully organizing the 1st valley-wide inter-college science exhibition in 2009 where 28 colleges had participated, this year HICSCI stepped forward to organize the 1st nationwide science exhibition. â€Å"We expect 30 te ams from within the valley and 20 from outside. The event is being judged by science professors from Tribhuvan University. The first prize is Rs 25,000, second Rs 15,000 and third Rs 10,000,† informed Pokhrel. Those students and youth organizations interested to participate in the exhibition must register their team for the fair latest by Jan 20.

Free Essays on Human Rights

We are Our Brothers Keepers It is the moral obligation and duty of the United States to intervene when other countries violate human rights. According to the Constitution of the United States, it citizens preserve certain human rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. There are many countries, which do not hold the same beliefs that the United States presents to its citizens. There have been many situations where the U.S. has intervened in the violation of human rights in other countries. Although not all countries have the same type of declaration of human rights, there should be limits on what can be done to citizens from any country. There are many moral issues at stake. Should other countries be allowed to mistreat, torture, or even in some cases kill their citizens? The answer to this question is definitely no. It is the moral responsibility of the United States to continue intervening in the violation of human rights in other countries. There should be certain things that no human bei ng should do to any other for any reason. Some of these countries are misusing their powers and there is no one there to stop them from doing so. In the world today we are faced with many dilemmas between civil and political rights. It is very important that each citizen must obtain these privileges and have equal opportunities. Every man or woman should have the freedom to speak out about his or her government and legislation with out fear of imprisonment or death. If the United States does not intervene when there are violations of human rights, there may very well never be a stop to it. The Holocaust of the 1930s can be used as an example of such treatment toward the citizens of Germany. Who gave one individual the power to segregate, mistreat, and kill people from their own country? Citizens of Germany (Jews) were victims of this situation because of their religious beliefs. The Jewish people did not have the military p... Free Essays on Human Rights Free Essays on Human Rights We are Our Brothers Keepers It is the moral obligation and duty of the United States to intervene when other countries violate human rights. According to the Constitution of the United States, it citizens preserve certain human rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. There are many countries, which do not hold the same beliefs that the United States presents to its citizens. There have been many situations where the U.S. has intervened in the violation of human rights in other countries. Although not all countries have the same type of declaration of human rights, there should be limits on what can be done to citizens from any country. There are many moral issues at stake. Should other countries be allowed to mistreat, torture, or even in some cases kill their citizens? The answer to this question is definitely no. It is the moral responsibility of the United States to continue intervening in the violation of human rights in other countries. There should be certain things that no human bei ng should do to any other for any reason. Some of these countries are misusing their powers and there is no one there to stop them from doing so. In the world today we are faced with many dilemmas between civil and political rights. It is very important that each citizen must obtain these privileges and have equal opportunities. Every man or woman should have the freedom to speak out about his or her government and legislation with out fear of imprisonment or death. If the United States does not intervene when there are violations of human rights, there may very well never be a stop to it. The Holocaust of the 1930s can be used as an example of such treatment toward the citizens of Germany. Who gave one individual the power to segregate, mistreat, and kill people from their own country? Citizens of Germany (Jews) were victims of this situation because of their religious beliefs. The Jewish people did not have the military p... Free Essays on Human Rights It is common that human beings everywhere demand the realization of diverse values to ensure their individual and overall well being. Every American citizen has the ability to live his or her life free and full of equality, while also taking further steps in having a voice and power. As human rights extends its authority throughout many countries, it provides for people to live according to these and other desires. Yet there are still many problems that can oppose these rights that are given to us. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which then set the standards for human living. People now could express themselves in many ways without being abused from the severe political, legal, and social perspectives. They are enforced to governments, requiring compliance and enforcement so that they can’t deny our rights. These rights help us to be independent as well as be safe from any injustice that may occur. New laws, such as no distinction among races, sexes, language, religion, etc., formed a union of people who can accept one another and not segregate anyone. Justice is taking in effect when our rights grant us the freedom of equality before the law without any discrimination and not be subjected to arbitrary arrest. People can also be proven innocent under a grand jury instead of just being prosecuted as being guilty. Other Articles of this declaration, such as issues involving security, liberty, political, due process, welfare, and group rights, helps better unionize the people of the world. All these rights are here to protect us form many forms of injustice, yet there is still groups of people who deny these rights given to us. Many groups still have discrimination against people who they think is not suitable for the way of life because of them being who they are or what they do. The Ku Klux Klan, for example, condemns the righ... Free Essays on Human Rights The article â€Å"Human Rights as a Common Concern† by Charles R. Beitz a professor of government at Bowdoin College published in â€Å"American Political Science† review. As shown by the title of the article it is about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the human rights of everyone in individual nation-states. â€Å"The global human rights regime is almost certainly more influential today then at any time since World War I† (Beitz 269). The rights have been influential in the U.S. the most in the last few weeks. Beitz points out international human rights as partisan standards. His fist thought is what the international recognized human rights and the five separated categories. â€Å"The rights of the person refer to life, liberty, and the security or the person; rights associated with the rule of law include equal recognition; political rights encompass freedom of expression; economic and social rights refer to and adequate standard of living; rights of communities include self-determination and protection of minority cultures† (Beitz 271). As you look at these rights that are recognized by the nation-states they look very similar to the United States Bill of Rights. After the five categories Beitz tells about the rights of the individual nation-state gives to its people, for example, the FGM in Sahelian African. The following section, Beitz discusses neutrality and paternalism. â€Å" The evident partisanship of international human rights doctrine has led some philosophers to suggest that we should distinguish between the full set of values recognized as human rights in international law and or human rights proper† (Beitz 272). He also illustrates moral codes, different moralities and global moral pluralism. He gives the example of R.J. Vincent and his book about the â€Å"core of basic rights that is common to all cultures despite the apparently divergent theories.† Beitz also gives several other examples to support hi...

Free sample - The Food Industry. translation missing

The Food Industry. The Food IndustryThe food industry has been under recent scrutiny as to its moral and ethical obligation to consumers in the provision of healthy, wholesome food to citizens. There has been a widening feeling that in order to impart ethics into the industry, there is a need to tax all unhealthy ingridients, regulate prices especially when cheaper prices come at an expense to the consumer and the need for classification and ethical traceability. Inn response, a group of protagonists in the industry who feel that consumers should be responsible for their own nutritional choices has clamoured for the market autonomy. They feel that utter freedom of choice as to which products should be consumed shoould be granted to the consumer. Therefore, the consumers, through their own intuition, should avoid all foods that are deemed harmful or unethically produced. It is in view of this contoversial debate that this esssay establishes the pros and cons of these arguments based on an ethics platfor m. Positions have been adopted that provide a hard-line against consumers freedom of expression in the food industry. On one hand, the Chicago School of Economy postulates for a value free market with well informed and versed consumers in making suitable choices in consumption. On the other hand, there is the position held by lobbyists and campaigners for consumer rights who feel that the consumer should always be protected against harmful or inappropriate products by corporations in the food industry. The consumer, in the former approach, is hereby viewed as either passive or equipped with insufficient knowledge and power so as to reject any advances that are deemed unethical. This incorporates the fact that the middle income consumer is frequently indebted to the producer, who would otherwise use this to the advantage of lowering standards to produce cheaper products that contravene basic ethics. The latter argument against consumer sovereignty and demands governmental interventions in the food industry proposes that consumers exhibit utilitarian maximization of their own persornal utility such that most people insist on buying cheaper products without giving a damn on whether the producer met the set moral standards. This in turn means that private preferences and interests take root in the protection of politicized issues such as the impact on the environment. Therefore, the voter, who happens to be hypothetically distinctive from the consumer, votes in an unethical government that does not have the public interests and moral principles at heart. This is however contravened by the empirical evidence presented against these concepts. First, the idea of the market being value free is only hypothetical since societal norms of trust and decency such as adherence to agreed contracts between the consumer and the producer are mainly upheld by the market players. Secondly, although some consumers such as children are highly vulnerable, many consumers have diverse opinions regarding particular products, which is advanced by technological advances such as the internet and widespread awareness campaigns conducted by lobbyists and Non-Governmental Organisations. However, this aspect is flawed since the consumers can never at one time attain perfect knowledge on all the products offered in the market. Thirdly, studies conducted by consumer-watch non-governmental organisations indicate that consumers are not concentrating solely on their personal and short-term interests and preferences but are shifting towards a sustainable public interest on consumerism issues. Therefore, the image of the rational, utilitarian, egoistic cost-effective consumer is being discarded as a portrayal of consumer behaviour, thought and a theoretical analysis. Fourthly, the distinction between the end user of various products and the general public, who vote for policies on food consumption is rather challenging. Empirically, the individual who shops and consumes the goods produced is one and the same with the voter who casts his vote in support or in opposition to various legislations or governments in the political process. Therefore, preferences expressed in shopping cannot be detached from political preferences. Moreover, from an analytical point of view, the distinction between consumer and citizen i s not constructive in the food industry since the existence of consumer concerns expresses a discontentment in the ability of the existing regulatory body in dealing with rogue producers. In 1962, the John F. Kennedy government appealed to the consumerism rights broadly through the enactment of the Bill of Consumers Rights, which was consequently integrated into the European Union consumer policy programme. It addressed the rights to safety, the right to keep the consumer informed, the freedom of choice, the freedom to be heard, right of representation and the right to sufficient legal protection. After the 1992 Rio Convention in which the general significance of sustainable production was deliberated upon by most nations till a consensus was achieved and the later creation of the unified European single market, the ethics in consumerism and diverse consumer needs came to prominence. However, concerns expressed by consumers are multiple and cannot be aptly documented in law. Consumer’s rights can be ethically justified from an analysis of three different perspectives that lobby for consumer sovereignty. A deontological approach, which strongly advocates for the undeniable sovereignty, can be traced to the German philosopher Kant. Consumption choices are placed in the individual consumer’s autonomy; hence the consumer should mould the market into his or her preferences. This argument serves to nullify the purported conceptual distinction between the voter and the consumer since it clearly states that the autonomy of consumers should be upheld over that of producers. Kant bases this deontological approach on the basis that adults are well-informed and educated on the various products and that they are independently capable of choosing the preferences they feel are suitable for their needs. The market and production systems should further deliver goods and services as preferred by an autonomous individual. A utilitarian perspective is proposed by John Stuart Mill’s statement on freedom in which the autonomous person should be capable of striving for his own goals and preferences through creation of awareness by education, regulation, dependable information and receptive markets. However, the utilitarian perspective justifies balancing the overall costs of giving consumers the freedom of choice and that of letting experts in the food industry decide on the constituents of   healthy food and nutrition. This contravenes all inherent principles of consumer sovereignty as applied to the food industry. The third perspective is the pragmatist perspective since it pays attention to the fact that ethical principles apply chiefly to social developments. In a social context, food is produced, prepared and consumed under which any moral contravention would have a direct impact. Without social regulations and rules, the expression of the rights of autonomy would be rendered null and void. Consumer sovereignty under a pragmatist approach can only be in context if the key market players such as producers, government regulators, policy makers and the civil society adhere to this perspective. As a consequence of food serving as a basis for cultural and social functions, collectives in the sphere of lobbyists and sensitizers, such as cultural or quasi-political non-governmental organizations and independent consumer organisations should shape consumer preferences while ensuring that autonomy is guaranteed. This implies that purely economic competition availed by the producer’s purchasin g power on food conumption markets should not be the chief focal point in considering whether certain products such as genetically modified food are detrimental or not. In the food industry, the clamour for maximum profits or the most economical utilisation of money does not directly equate to the best situation since various resultant costs such as on the environment and animal welfare emerge. In this industry, not every product can be allowed to be freely circulated and hence control on the market’s sovereignty should be practiced. The food industry, therefore, has a moral responsibility to provide healthy, wholesome food to citizens and consumers should not be wholly responsible for their own nutritional choices.

Macroeconomic convergence, financial development and economic growth Dissertation

Macroeconomic convergence, financial development and economic growth - Dissertation Example The potential of the developing countries to grow faster is more than that of the developed countries as the developing countries have diminishing returns to factors. Convergence can be of two types, the process of poorer economies catching up with the richer economies is referred as alpha convergence whereas beta convergence is the process in which a country converges to its own steady state rate of growth (Alfaro et al.2005). As pointed out by professor Jeffrey Sachs ,many countries due to its closed economic policies cannot converge, this could however be overcome if the free trade policies are included which will lead to openness of the economy. Between the years 1970-1989, 111 countries have been studied on the basis of their rate of convergence. It was found by Andrew Warner and Sachs that the countries following closed economic policies had a growth rate of 2% whereas the countries following open economic policies have a growth rate of 4.5 % (Alfaro et al.2005) There are many countries that have converged with the developed countries such as the Asian tigers, HongKong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea. As sited by many economists the endogenous rather than the exogenous factors triggers the growth of an economy (Alfaro et al.2005). ... tal are important as it significantly influences the savings and rate of investment (Halmai & Vasary.2009.p.3).Technological spread, change in growth rate and total productivity of the factors are the major players in enhancing the rate of convergence. Macroeconomic convergence and economic growth Integration of the national and regional economies with the global economy is one of the salient features over the history. Two models of economic integration which relates to income convergence are firstly growth models and secondly trade models (Kim.1997.p.4). According to the neoclassical Solow model of growth, the regional level of income varies due to the different capital labour ratios. Whereas the Hecksher Ohlin trade model says that the income varies across the regions due to the difference in the factor prices and factor endowments (Kim.1997.p.5). Income convergence occurs due to trades in goods and economic integration via equalisation in prices. Factor endowments vary across the regions and therefore various regions specialise in different industries. Thus if the regional variation in the factor endowments increases then there arises divergence in the income levels as the structure of industries diversifies. Conversely as there exits similarity in the factor endowments then the income level also converges in the due course. Economic integration also gives rise to income divergence (Kim.1997.p.5) The growth models put forward by Romer and Lucas, which are based on increasing returns on physical capital, states the chances of such income divergence. Even the trade models by Krugman states that income divergence may arise due to the differences in the industrial structures. If the industries equipped with high technology and high wages are subjected to external

Review and analysis designers in Objectified A documentary film by Movie

And analysis designers in Objectified A documentary film by Gary Hustwit - Movie Review Example Such an understanding, for designers, should weave into nearly all areas of human interest. This position reinforces the view that designers should seek to create solutions through their products and to meet the material and non-material needs of the consumers. Material goods and design products are embraced as aspects of culture in the sense that they create a sense of identity to the targeted consumers (Lipton 116). Perhaps it would be necessary to regard the mixture of the designers within the broad subject of globalization and the liberalization of market. According to the various speakers in the documentary, many of these designers are driven largely by forces beyond their creative impulse. The documentary provides various examples where designs have evolved in response to certain difficulties or a shift in preferences within cultures, groups, or communities. The design of kitchenware, for instance is largely conditioned by matters of convenience. Basing on the opinions supplied by various speakers in the documentary, it is important for designers to seek an understanding of various cultural aspects that determine people’s values and practices. Such an understanding enhances the capacity of designers to develop products that respond to the specific needs of populations. The Japanese are cited severally and variously as people with close attachment to their culture. The Japanese designers often tend to infuse cultural aspects into their product in a manner that balances the cultural aesthetics and the utilitarian value of the products (Ashoraft 2). On this score, it becomes important to consider the cultural forces that provide the creative synergies of products from Asia and other parts of the world. Moreover, the documentary provides evidence that designers have to rely on the outside world and the needs of the markets and targeted end users to develop products that meet specific objectives. Designers have to work together with

Global International Markets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global International Markets - Research Paper Example According to Wensley, global strategic market is â€Å"initiating, negotiating, and managing acceptable exchange relationships with key interests groups or constituencies, in the pursuit of sustainable competitive advantage within specific markets, on the basis of long run consumer, channel and other stakeholder franchise† (Wensley, 1982). The Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is one of the largest retail stores chain in the world and was established in 1962. On the basis of the strategic perspective, the Wal-Mart is structured into three main segments namely, Wal-Mart United States, Sam’s Club and Wal-Mart International. According to the statistical report of the company, in 2011, the Wal-Mart’s revenues constitute up to about three-fifth of the United States market. The web portal, Wal-Mart.com also contributes heavily to the total turnover of the company, constituting nearly 8% of the total revue through online retail operations (Wal-Mart 2011). Today, the company operates th eir business in over 15 countries, accounting for 25% of their net sales. Their selling policy includes promotion techniques of discounting outlets, restaurants, superstores, retail stores and multiple formats of outlets, to gain the maximum satisfaction of their customers especially in countries like China and Japan. The retail and online operations of the Sam’s club contributes about 10.5% in terms of annual revenues to the company. Moreover, the company holds the top position for employing over 2.1 million people, which remains bigger than all other major retailers (Carrefour, Tesco and Metro AG) put together (Wal-Mart 2009).Besides, the company functions nearly 3000 superstores, 720 discount outlets, and more than 600 Sam’s Club outlets in the United States. Globalization of Markets Globalization of Markets refers to the integration of national markets into one large global marketplace. Today international trade has become much easier as the hurdles of crossing the borders for trade is eradicated. All companies like to offer a standard product worldwide. However, there are considerable variances existing among each market such as, consumer tastes and preferences, cultural variations, and legal regulations. Such variations in the international market make a company to adopt strategies that may match with the conditions of a country’s market. Wall-Mart may still require diversifying their products across each country according the local tastes and preferences. Globalization of production The term globalization of production is associated with sourcing of goods and services from various locations across the globe while taking advantage of the variations in cost and quality of factors of production across the regions. Here, Wal-Mart operates over 4200 outlets in the global markets and which constitutes a quarter of its annual revenues. Its efficiently running primary retailer markets like Mexico and Canada enhance a fast market expansion a cross South America, Africa and Asia (Wal-Mart 2009). Driving Forces There are various drivers of globalization in the global marketplace. When a company becomes subject to these forces, they practically become candidates for globalization. The major driving forces of globalization are; technological advances, global economic growth, converging market needs and wants, pressure to improve quality, opportunities for

Strategies Adopted by Walt Disney Essay Example for Free

Strategies Adopted by Walt Disney Essay Write down about strategy implemented by Walt Disney Company after the death of Roy Disney in order to improve the conditions of the company by adopting 3 major strategies. Explain the post and pre conditions of Walt Disney. Ans: From the very beginning, Disneys founder Walter Elias Disney fostered the spirit of creativity, innovation and excellence that continues to underlie all of the companys success. Walt arrived in California in the summer of 1923 with dreams and determination, but little else. He had made a short film in Kansas City about a little girl in a cartoon world, called Alices Wonderland, and he planned to use it as his pilot film to sell a series of these Alice Comedies to a distributor. On October 16, 1923, a New York distributor, M. J. Winkler, contracted to release the Alice Comedies, and this date became the formal beginning of The Walt Disney Company. Originally known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, with Walt Disney and his brother Roy as equal partners, the company soon changed its name, at Roys suggestion, to the Walt Disney Studio, which was initially housed in a succession of storefront buildings in Hollywood before becoming established on Hyperion Avenue. So this is how Disney Company came into existence. However Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966. Roy Disney, who was older than Walt took over supervision of the company. However Roy Disney also died just two months after realizing his brothers final dream. For the next decade the company was led by a team including Card Walker, Donn Tatum, and Ron Miller, all originally trained by the Disney brothers.

Hitler :: essays research papers

Adolph Hitler was responsible for World War II and the massacre of millions whom he thought to be inferior. He was also one of the most powerful and influential leaders of the 20th Century. Hitler single handedly built up his Nazi party into a massive power, which would eventually control most of Europe and North Africa. How is it, that a man of such evil had so much influence and control? We would like to think that never again will such tragedy occur. Never, would we let such a man into power. Yet, it happened in the 1930’s, only 70 years ago. What factors resulted in Hitler rising to power? Rather than one single reason, it was the perfect combination of luck and leadership, at just the right time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Austria, 1889, Klara and Alois became the proud parents of a baby boy – Adolph. As a young boy, he attended elementary school at the Benedictine monastery at Lambach. His early school years went well. Adolph earned good grades, became a choirboy, and anticipated one day becoming a Catholic priest. As he got older, he began getting into serious quarrels with his father. This fighting, he later claimed, caused his marks to slip. By the age of sixteen, he had quit school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once out of school, Adolph refused to find work or learn a trade. Rather, he spent his time going to the Opera, and reading. For hours on end, he would read books on German history and mythology. As a result of the reading, he soon found himself very concerned with the world’s tribulations. A school friend later recalled: â€Å"Hitler was always up against something and at odds with the world. I never saw him taking anything lightly.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the eager age of eighteen, Hitler had a new dream. He wanted to become an artist, as this was now his one true passion. The Vienna Academy of Fine Arts quickly turned him down after his entrance examination. This rejection would hurt him for his remaining life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another devastating event followed shortly after; the death of his beloved mother only four days prior to Christmas. Hitler later wrote: â€Å"It was a dreadful blow. I had honored my father, but my mother I had loved. Her death put a sudden end to all my high-flown plans. Poverty and hard reality compelled me to take a quick decision. I was faced with the problem of somehow making my own living.

NASCAR drivers are true athletes

In the public consciousness, sport is normally associated with human-powered activities like football and basketball, whereas those, engaging with human-assisted activities like racing, are not viewed as true athletes as they allegedly do not need great physical effort to achieve success. This tradition derives from Ancient Rome, whereas the major emphasis was placed upon the activities, which demonstrate the perfection of human body, but in the modern world, due to the arrival of new technological novelties, it would be unwise to limit the list. The present paper presents the reasons for which NASCAR drivers can be categorized as athletes. First of all, it is necessary to provide a definition of a true athlete: athlete is a person who possesses either natural or trained skills, needed to do a particular type of sports on the professional basis, participates in the competitions, observing the rules prescribed,   and is able to use the skills they possess in a beneficial way. Thus, there are several key aspects, which characterize an athlete, so they can be used as categorization criteria. First and foremost, an athlete should engage with a particular type of sports. Thus, it is important to prove that motor racing belongs to the realm of sports; for this purpose, it is necessary to define the term â€Å"sport†. â€Å"Sport is an activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively. Sports commonly refer to activities where the physical capabilities of the competitor are the sole or primary determined of the outcome (winning or losing), but the term is also used to include activities such as mind sports and motor sports where mental acuity or equipment are major factor† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport, 2006). Furthermore, true athletes should be skilled enough to engage with a specific type of sports. In the present case, they should have dexterity, good at car driving and have sufficient intellectual abilities and the basic knowledge of the physical laws, which rule the process of driving. Thirdly, the true athlete should be able to use their skills and proficiency in the particular type of sport in the beneficial way, because the utilization of such abilities determines the maintenance of qualification and expertise. Fourthly, the true athlete participates in the contests in their narrow sports sphere, as competition is an opportunity to look critically at oneself and assess one’s own skills in the proper way. As it has been mentioned, the athlete engages with professional sports, which require certain development and adjustment of one’s skills to the requirements of the present day, which could be achieved only through observing peer performance. Finally, the true athlete values competitive spirit and thus observes the major rules that regulate the competition, namely those which determine the fair contest. It is possible to disagree with the aforementioned criteria. For instance, a number of extremely professional athletes, who participate in international competitions, tend to abuse the disciplinary rules and demonstrate aggressive behavior, but in the present case major rules that determine the equality and evenhandedness in the contest are discussed. These rules normally prohibit artificial measures, taken to temporarily increase one’s strength or dexterity. In addition, it is also possible to criticize the criteria that relates to the beneficial use of one’s skills in sports. In fact, the term â€Å"beneficial† doesn’t actually points to making money on the basis of sport activity, in fact, it might include such minor issues as using strength to protect oneself or another person from violent hooligans or utilizing intellectual abilities, developed during the years of chess playing, in mathematics. Finally one might claim that competition is not necessary for self-development as an athlete, as it is possible to hire a very qualified coach and train without engaging into the interactions with other sportspeople, but according to the aforementioned definition, positive and inspired rivalry is a core of all sports and victory is their purpose. Applying the first criterion, it is necessary to state that beyond the traditional sports like tennis and gymnastics, there also exist activities, which need more mental capacities and can be also classified as sports. In addition, the NASCAR refers to the activity it promotes and develops (motor racing) as motor sports, and due to the fact that this association is national, it implies the conventional view on sports, approved by the experts in this sphere. Secondly, NASCAR drivers really possess the necessary skills and abilities – otherwise they wouldn’t have been accepted by the association of the national level. Most of them have been training for many years and using professional race equipment in order to provide continuous growth of their skills. Thirdly, the individuals, participating in NASCAR races, have managed to make the sport bring them money – this way of using the complex of sport skills can be considered beneficial. Nowadays, the NASCAR drivers are amongst the richest athletes in the country. Turning sports into one’s personal profitable work is a true art, so the NASCAR drivers have succeeded in utilizing their unique talent. Fourthly, the NASCAR drivers participate in a variety of races amongst which the NEXTEL Cup, the Busch Series and the Truck Series. In order to have an idea about the level of these competitions, it would be useful to read about the NEXTEL, for instance: â€Å"The NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Series is the sport’s highest level of professional competition. It is consequently the most popular and most profitable NASCAR series. The 2006 NEXTEL season consisted of 36 races over 10 months, with over $4 million in total prize money at stake at each race† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR#NEXTEL_Cup, 2007). This mean, the NASCAR drivers belong to the so-called â€Å"high sports†, as they participate in the national competitions. Finally, the NASCAR drivers observe the principles of fair competition. For instance, they â€Å"do not use performance-enhancing drugs† (McCormick, at http://nascar.about.com/od/drivers/a/nascarsteroids.htm, 2007) and tend to support the idea of the spirit of positive rivalry through following the rules of politeness and good tone in the relationships with other participants. Criticizing this argument, one can state that NASCAR races are not actually a sport, but rather a show with minor elements of competition. In this case, the accents are placed inaptly , as these races are a true competition in all aspects, but the modern mass-media have turned into a show, broadcasted by numerous TV-channels. In reality, the NASCAR is interested in maintaining its reputation and thus deals merely with professional sport rather than amateur shows . To sum up, the present paper successfully proves that NASCAR drivers are true athletes, as they meet the aforementioned criteria such as skillfulness, obedience to ethical codes, participation in racing and the corresponding competitions and use of their skills in the beneficial way   The paper thus illustrates that a true athlete should possess not merely skills, but also high intelligence, ability to negotiate and make career in the field of sports as well as satisfactory   inner moral culture. Works cited McCormick, S. â€Å"NASCAR Drivers Don’t Use Performance Enhancing Drugs†. 31 July 2007, Wikipedia. â€Å"NASCAR†. 17 July 2007, Wikipedia. â€Å"Sport†. 4 October 2006,                  

Excitation Contraction Coupling Process Essay

The sequence of events that converts action potentials in a muscle fiber to a contraction is know as excitation contraction coupling. In order for a skeletal muscle fiber to contract, it has to get a signal from the nervous system. The part of the nervous system that it gets a signal from is called a motor neuron. An electoral signal, called an action potential travels down the axon and to the axon terminal. At the end of the motor neuron are structures called synaptic vesicles and they contain different neurotransmitters. In the case of a motor neuron that stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber, that neurotransmitter is called acetylcholine. When the action potential gets down to the end it will cause the synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine. The ACH crosses the synapse, which is a physical gap between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber and binds to ACH receptors. A flowing in of sodium (Na+) and a flowing out of potassium (K+) results which, depolarizes the cell and generates an end-plate potential. This causes a depolarizing excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). The opposite of this is called, inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), which usually result from the flow of negative ions in and positive ions out of a cell. If enough ACH neurotransmitters bind to receptors, it induces an action potential in the muscle fiber and that will induce the muscle fiber to release calcium (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An action potential travels across the entire sarcolemma and is rapidly conducted into the interior of the muscle fiber by structures called t-tubules. The t-tubules make contact with the Ca2+ filled sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin complex by the actin filaments, which causes the troponin complex to pull tropomyosin away. Because these chemicals have a high affinity for calcium ions they cause the myosin cross-bridges to attach to actin and flex rapidly. We also must remember that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has to get broken down and by breaking it down, it allows the myosin cross-bridge to power stroke by consuming the energy that the ATP gives off. Once the signal from the motor neuron stops, no more ACH binds onto the receptors, which causes the Ca2+ to be transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Without the calcium, the active site is closed and myosin can no longer bind and the sarcomere goes back to its resting length.

Racism in the US essays

Racism in the US essays Racism is described as the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others, or, discrimination or prejudice based on race. Racism is something that is present, and apparent throughout the world. Everywhere we look in the world, we can see racism create major social problems, and even send entire countries into war. Racism is an issue that, if untreated will create, and continue to create major social problems in the United States. Racism, in its major form, began in the United States in about 1618, when the first slaves were brought to the United States to work, unpaid, for their white owners. From the time the Africans were in the custody of Americans, they were not treated as humans, but as property. Slavery in the United States continued for many years, until 1862, when President Abraham Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves. This did not end the problem of racism against African Americans. After this time, the United States saw much hate, and many hate crimes against African Americans. This was apparent in the 1950s 19670s when desegregation was taking place in the United States. This hate was evident with in the KKK, and the many hate crimes and protests that took place in the United States. Even since then, with a completely desegregated society, the United States still sees an incredible amount of racism against blacks. African Americans are not the only group who experience racism in the United States. Almost every group in the United States that can be classified experiences racism in some form. Mexicans and Asians are often victims if hate crimes based on nothing other than race. Although African Americans, Asians, and Mexicans are among the most discriminated against in the United States, racism does not have to be based on race, but can be based on things such as social status or sexual preferen...

Concept Analysis Critique of Homophobia in Nursing Essays

Concept Analysis Critique of Homophobia in Nursing Essays Concept Analysis Critique of Homophobia in Nursing Essay Concept Analysis Critique of Homophobia in Nursing Essay Running Head: CONCEPT ANALYSIS CRITIQUE Concept Analysis Critique of Christensen’s Homophobia in Nursing Using Walker and Avant’s Framework NUR 701-90 Nursing Theory The Sage Colleges Lori Ciafardoni-Hawkes RN, MSN/MEd November 17, 2010 Concept Analysis Critique of Christensen’s Homophobia in Nursing Using Walker and Avant’s Framework Introduction Concept analysis is discussed by Walker and Avant (2005) as a way to describe phenomena in nursing practice, as it â€Å"allows the theorist, researcher, or clinician to come to grips with the various possibilities within the concept of interest† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 3). Walker and Avant developed an eight step process of concept analysis, which includes selecting a concept, determining the aims or purposes of the analysis, identifying all uses of the concept that can be discovered, determining the defining attributes, identifying the model case, identifying borderline, related, contrary, invented , and illegitimate cases, identifying antecedents and consequences, and defining empirical referents (Walker amp; Avant, 2005). The following is an examination of the concept analysis procedure developed by Walker and Avant as applied to the article Homophobia in Nursing: A Concept Analysis by Martin Christensen. Selecting a concept is the first step in the 8-step analysis procedure. The chosen concept should be one that is important and interesting to you. Additionally, selection of the concept should be â€Å"useful to your research program or to further theoretical developments in your area of interest† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 66). Christensen (2005) selected to analyze the concept of homosexuality in nursing because â€Å"†¦nurses draw mainly on their own experiences, experiences that may possess traditional and uncompromising attitudes about homosexuality and the health needs of patients†¦suggest(ing) that attitudes are linked to behavior and that certain predetermined beliefs and attitudes will prevent delivery of holistic and individualized care†( pg. 61). Christensen’s article holds relevance in today’s nursing practice as the definition of family as many have learned it has changed. This new, modern family often includes non-traditional and chosen families rather than blood relatives. People are choosing to define family for themselves and one subset of families is same-sex couples. Nursing professionals need to recognize the family as a patient defines it rather than how text or organizations define it and homophobia need not be part of that equation. As a labor and delivery nurse, I see every definition of family imaginable and as a female in a same-sex marriage; this is one phobia that I am faced with both personally and professionally on a regular basis. Defining this concept and redefining family are both important parts to changing how health care professionals think and are trained and educated. Defining the Concept, Related Terms and Differences Christensen clearly defined the concept of homophobia related to nursing. He explains that nurses often use their own experiences to dictate their care and that if they have issues with homosexuality for personal, religious or other reason that it may interfere with quality, individualized care which all patients and their families deserve (Christensen, 2005). In healthcare, sociology, education and psychology, much work has been done around homophobia (Neville amp; Henrickson, 2006; Richmond and McKenna, 1998; Rondahl, Innala, amp; Carlsson, 2004; Tate amp; Longo, 2004). Baker (1991) presented a paper at The Annual Meeting of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance and stated that â€Å"the impact of homophobia on health education practice had received little attention. As a profession, health educators had not yet adequately addressed lesbian and gay health issues†. Baker’s paper â€Å"defined homophobia and discussed the consequences of homophobia in health education and implications for practice. The health education needs of lesbians and gays are seldom met as a consequence of homophobia. Areas of particular relevance to health educators include heterosexual bias in sexuality education curriculum and textbook context, AIDS education, hate violence, adolescent suicide, and health education research on lesbian and gay topics. Strategies for eliminating homophobia include professional development of health educators and curriculum change at the university level† (Baker, 1991, np). Other researchers like Black, Oles and Moore (1998) â€Å"reported on a study of the relationship between students attitudes toward women and toward gay men and lesbians and changes in those attitudes during social work courses at two universities. The study found a significant relationship between students levels of homophobia and sexism. The relationship was stronger for female students than for male students and varied by race and academic major. The article also discussed the implications of the findings for changing social work curricula† (np). Barry (1998) explained â€Å"that a series of contemporary theories that had been used to explain homophobia. Structural, feminist, comparative, gender panic, queer, and socio-historical theories rely on the premises of a diverse set of scholarly disciplines, and in turn, generate their own objects of analysis, whether `homophobia, `heterosexism, or `heteronormativity. While the current flourishing of gay and lesbian studies had generated important insights into the workings of homophobia, analyses have also tended to be limited and fragmentary† (np). There are large gaps in the literature that span greater than ten years. The bulk of the studies seem to have happened when HIV/AIDS was at its height of awareness. While it appears easy to define homophobia, there has not been much research done on this concept in the social sciences. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2010) defines homophobia as â€Å"irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals†. Christensen’s concept analysis defines it similarly. Walker and Avant encourage the use of dictionaries, thesauruses, colleagues, and any available literature to identify multiple uses of the concept. Furthermore, all uses of the term must be considered. â€Å"This review of literature helps you support or validate your ultimate choices of the defining attributes† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 67). Christensen thoroughly explored homosexuality, as defined by a variety of sources. Further research exposed the coining of homophobia, which is also extensively discussed by Christensen. Christensen examines fear of homosexuality in oneself, fear of contagion, fear of potential sexual advances, and fear of threat to established sex role identity as aspects of homosexuality that nurses may experience as a result of homophobic feelings (Christensen, 2005) Determining the aims of the analysis is the second step outlined by Walker and Avant. This second step helps focus attention on exactly what use you intend to make of the results of your effort. It essentially answers the question: â€Å"Why am I doing this analysis? † (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 66). Christensen has a clear and thorough rationale for choosing to analyze the concept of homosexuality and how the analysis will benefit nursing: â€Å"In seeking conceptual clarity, the analysis may make it possible to promote a single vocabulary for discussion, while allowing an understanding of what signifies the parameters of homophobia in nursing to be. More importantly, it may form the platform for future conjecture and critique within the context of nursing practice† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 61). Antecedents and Consequences The identification of antecedents and consequences are step seven in the concept analysis process presented by Walker and Avant. Antecedents are those events or incidents that must occur prior to the occurrence of the concept and consequences are those events or incidents that occur as a result of the occurrence. Antecedents and consequences help to shed light on the social context and help to define the attributes (Walker and Avant, 2005). In the concept analysis of homophobia, Christensen reports religion and medicine as antecedents; so much so that the emergence of homophobia in nursing on an individual basis may be related to â€Å"Supporting a religious ideology that determines the morality of same sex relationships as being sinful and non-procreative, and subscribing to a medical/nursing inference that homosexuality is a disease/illness that can be cured† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 69). The consequences as they relate to homophobias, identified by Christensen, include â€Å" An avoidance/reluctance of gay/lesbian social and/or professional interaction, heightened anxiety or revulsion when experiencing some gay/lesbian behavior, for example behaviors of affection, and heightened anxiety and fear of contagion when caring for gay/lesbian patients with a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 69). Attributes â€Å"Determining the defining attributes is the heart of concept analysis† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 68). This process should reveal the cluster of attributes that are the most frequently associated with the oncept and that allow the analyst the broadest insight into the concept (Walker amp; Avant, 2005). The cluster of attributes gathered may have a variety of different meanings, thus â€Å"a decision is clearly necessary regarding which will be the most useful and which will provide you the greatest help in relation to the aims of your analysis† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 68). Christensen identifies internalized feelings and portrayal of those feelings within clinical practice as distinctive attributes related to the concept of homophobia in nursing. Furthermore, Christensen states the defining attributes that may characterize the concept of homophobia within nursing to be â€Å"there must be an internalized awareness of anti-homosexual feelings towards homosexual individuals, and that here must be manifestations of those anti-homosexual feelings by the corresponding behavior patterns, which occur when providing care to gay individuals† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 65). Model Cases A model case is the identification of a case that clearly demonstrates the defining attributes. â€Å"That is, the model case should be a pure case of the concept, a paradigmatic example, or a pure exemplar. Basically, the model case is one that we are absolutely sure is an instance of the concept† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 69). Model cases can be constructed from the analyst, found in literature, or in the best-case scenario, actual examples from real life (Walker amp; Avant, 2005). Christensen describes a model case that clearly identifies the defining attributes, which allows the concept to be tested. The subject, Nurse Mary, in the case model is described as â€Å"exhibiting the internalized feelings of homophobia and expressed these in her behaviors toward Jackie, the patient, and Karen, the patient’s significant other. The feelings and behaviors expressed in this case are fear, anger, disapproval, contempt, avoidance, and disgust† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 67). Identifying additional and different cases is suggested by Walker amp; Avant (2005). â€Å"Examining cases that are not exactly the same as the concept of interest but are similar to it or contrary to it in some ways will help you make better judgments about which defining attributes or characteristics have the best fit† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 70). Additionally, cases include those that are borderline, elated, contrary, invented, or illegitimate. â€Å"The basic purpose for these cases is to help you decide what â€Å"counts† as a defining attribute for the concept of interest and what doesn’t count† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 70). The Christensen concept analysis effectively utilizes a borderline case that only contains some of the defining attributes held within the definition of the concept. In th e borderline case, â€Å"the person described still experiences the internalized feelings of disgust and fear towards homophobia. However, in this case, he does not allow these feelings to cloud his clinical judgment in providing care to this patient, which is evident in the thank you letter† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 68). Additionally, Christensen utilizes a contrary case, which demonstrates none of the defining attributes outlined in the wording of the definition. â€Å"The individual described shows no internalized fears or behaviors and consequently has established an excellent rapport with her brother’s partner† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 68). Implications for Measurement The final step in the concept analysis is determining the empirical referents of the defining attributes. â€Å"Empirical referents are classes or categories of actual phenomena that by their existence or presence demonstrate the occurrence of the concept itself† (Walker amp; Avant, pg. 73). How does one measure homophobia? Christensen clearly shows the â€Å"observable phenomena and highlights the presence of homophobia in some individuals as: â€Å"Avoidance of homosexual patients, reluctance to provide care to homosexual patients, and speaking negatively about homosexuals and homosexuality† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 9). Application to Nursing Theorist-Madeleine Leininger Leininger is the founder of the transcultural nursing movement in education research and practice. In 1995, Leininger defined transcultural nursing as â€Å"a substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups o f similar or different cultures with the goal of providing culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways â€Å"(p. 8). The practice of transcultural nursing addresses the cultural dynamics that influence the nurse–client relationship. Because of its focus on this specific aspect of nursing, a theory was needed to study and explain outcomes of this type of care. Leininger creatively developed the Theory of Culture Care: Diversity and Universality with the goal to provide culturally congruent wholistic care. Her theory is appropriate in homophobia because healthcare professionals need to be able to treat each client as an individual without bias or judgment. Application to Nursing Practice Henrici (2007) in her paper on homophobia in healthcare states: â€Å"According to the American Nurses’ Association (ANA) (2001), nurses have a history of working with vulnerable populations and fighting for social justice. Providing substandard care to lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations is negating that history. High standards of ethics are expected so that all populations and clients receive the same level of care. If nurses counteract the rights of the patient by letting their attitudes toward homosexuality influence the type of care the patient receives, then the negative influence leads to an ethical issue. The first Provision of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) indicated that foremost, the patient should be treated with respect and dignity for human life. The nurse must show compassion and deliver health care in a non-judgmental manner, regardless of individual lifestyle and religious beliefs. Caring for a patient as a person with unique needs and differences should be upheld in every patient-nurse relationship. Refusing to treat a patient on behalf of difference in religious thought or lifestyle, and incorporating prejudice statements is unacceptable ethical behavior in the eyes of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses Provision three of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) takes into account patient confidentiality, maintaining patient’s rights, and advocating for the patient. Information shared between the nurse and the patient that need not be reported by law, should be kept confidential and not shared with individuals that are outside of the patient’s care. This is necessary to build a trust in the nurse/patient relationship. As an advocate, the nurse fights to defend the patient’s rights. Impaired practice and unethical care need to be addressed in order for the patient to receive the best care. When confidential information is spread to others, and if the nurse is part of the unethical care of the patient, then trust is diminished and advocacy becomes non-existent. According to the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses, these acts are considered unethical to the nature of nursing. Provision seven of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) addresses the idea that nursing, as a profession, needs to refine and advance the scope of nursing through continuing education. In order to advance in the field of nursing, nurses need to didactically embrace new knowledge, evaluate the knowledge, publicize the information, and put the new knowledge into clinical practice. Without furthering education, the field of nursing becomes stagnant in the ethical treatment of patients. Society is dynamic; therefore, nursing must change in order to progress with the social changes of the patients. If further education is impeded, it is considered unethical practice, according to the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses† (pg. 59-61). Application to Research â€Å"Concept analysis clarifies the symbols (words and terms) used in communication. The main advantage of concept analysis is that it renders very precise theoretical as well as operational definitions for use in theory and research† (Walker amp; Avant, pg. 74). Walker and Avant developed an 8-step concept analysis procedure that allows for analysts to easily understand and master the process without overlooking any of the critical components of concept analysis. The steps are not necessarily sequential. However, Christensen’s concept analysis of homophobia in nursing systematically uses all of Walker and Avant’s steps, as detailed in the body of this paper. Christensen’s concept analysis of homophobia in nursing is thoroughly discussed. Yet, greater research could have been conducted into identifying additional cases, as only borderline and contrary cases were considered. Tackling and debating related, invented, and/or illegitimate cases could have further supported the concept analysis. Ultimately, Christensen effectively convinces readers that homophobia in nursing may hinder the patient’s right to receive adequate, professional, and compassionate care (Christensen, 2005). Conclusion Christensen (2005) stated, â€Å"homophobia in nursing may undoubtedly be an extreme violation of the individual’s right to receive adequate, professional, and compassionate care† (p. 70). Henrici (2007) sums it up best by saying â€Å"Even though at times we as nurses may not agree with patients’ lifestyles, religious beliefs, or cultural upbringings, every patient deserves the most competent and compassionate care we can provide. By avoiding the patient, limiting therapeutic touch and communication, speaking unkindly of the patient’s sexuality with others, and not furthering education and understanding of cultural diversity the nurse has breached provisions one, three and seven of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001). There is a lack of research in the U. S. on the topic of homophobia in health care. More education on the topic of non-judgmental care relating to lesbian, gay and bisexual patients is necessary. Nurses should be held responsible for actions that are not in compliance with the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) particularly where patient care is sacrificed due to disagreement of lifestyle and sexual preferences. Homophobia is real. Judgmental comments occur and do affect quality of care. Realizing that the health care needs of to lesbian, gay and bisexual patients are unique must be addressed through education and cultural diversity training† (pg. 61) . References American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements. Retrieved November 14, 2010, from nursingworld. org/ethics/code/protected_nwcoe303. htm. Baker, J (1991) Homophobia in Health Education: Implications for Practice. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (San Francisco, CA, April 2-6, 1991). Retrieved November 16, 2010 from http://searcheric. org/ericdb/ed332964. htm. Barry, A. (1998) Theorizing Homophobia. Sexualities, Vol. 1, No. 4, 387-404. Retrieved November 7, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Black, B. Oles, T; amp; Moore, L (1998) The Relationship Between Attitudes: Homophobia and Sexism Among Social Work Students. Affilia, Vol. 13, No. 2, 166-189. Retrieved November 12, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Christensen, M. , (2005). Homophobia in Nursing: A Concept Analysis. Nursing Forum. 40 (2) Retrieved October 30, 2010, from: EBSCOhost. Henrici, R (2007) Homophobia: Does it Affect Quality of Care. Journal of Undergraduate Nursing Writing. Vol 1 (1). 56-62. Retrieved November 17, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Leininger, M. (1995) Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research and Practices. McGraw-Hill. 1995. Merriam-Webster’s Medical Dictionary. (n. d. ) Retrieved November 16, 2010, from http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/homophobia. Neville, S. , amp; Henrickson, M. (2006). Perceptions of lesbian, gay and bisexual people of primary healthcare services. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 407-415. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Richmond, J. , amp; McKenna, H. (1998). Homophobia: An evolutionary analysis of the concept as applied to nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28, 362-368. Retrieved November 1, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Rondahl, G. , Innala, S. amp; Carlsson, M. (2004). Nurse’s attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47, 386-392. Retrieved November 12, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Tate, F. , amp; Longo, D. (2004). Homophobia: A challenge for psychosocial nursing. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing amp; Mental Health Services, 42, 26-33. Retrieved November 16, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Walker, L. O. , amp; Avant, K. C. , (20 05). The Strategies for Theory Construction in (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 10. Potential Application to Research